Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Kwezimboni: Izindlela Namathemba

Imisebenzi yezimboni ikhiqiza inqwaba yamanzi angcolile agcwele ukungcola okuhlukahlukene. Uma enganakiwe, la manzi angcolile abeka engozini indawo ezungezile, impilo yomphakathi, nemithombo yamanzi. Ngakho, ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kubalulekile. Lesi sihloko sidingida izindlela zokwelashwa zamanje namathemba esikhathi esizayo.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ezikhona

Ukwelashwa Ngomzimba

 

• Ukwehlukaniswa: Indlela eyisisekelo, isebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi ukwenza izinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe ezisindayo kusinki wamanzi angcolile ziye phansi ethangini. Isibonelo, emanzini angcolile ezimayini, izinhlayiya ezinkulu zamatshe nesihlabathi kungasuswa ngale ndlela. Ukwengeza ama-coagulant kungasheshisa inqubo ngokuhlanganisa izinhlayiya ezinhle.
• filtration: Izihlungi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bezimbotshana zihlukanisa izinhlayiya ezimisiwe. Izihlungi zesanti zivamile ekwelapheni, zisusa izinto eziqinile ezinosayizi omkhulu. Ukuhlunga ulwelwesi okuthuthukisiwe okufana ne-microfiltration (ukukhipha izinhlayiya ze-micrometer engu-0.1 - 10), i-ultrafiltration (ithwebula izinhlayiya ezincane nama-macromolecules), kanye ne-nanofiltration (ukuhlukanisa ama-molecule amancane nama-ion ahlukanisiwe) kunikeza ukuhlanzeka kwezinga eliphezulu.
• I-Centrifugation: Le ndlela isebenzisa amandla e-centrifugal ukuze ihlukanise izingxenye ngokuminyana. Embonini yokudla neziphuzo, ihlukanisa izinhlayiya eziqinile emfucumfucwini owuketshezi, njenge-pulp nembewu kujusi yezithelo.

Ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali

 

• Ukungathathi hlangothi: Amanzi angcolile ezimbonini avame ukuba ne-pH eyeqisayo. Izinto ezine-alkaline njenge-lime noma i-sodium hydroxide yengezwa emanzini angcolile ane-asidi, njengoba kubonakala ezimbonini zensimbi. Ukusabela kulungisa i-pH futhi kwehlise ama-ion ensimbi esindayo.
• I-Oxidation - Ukusabela Kokunciphisa: Ama-oxidizing agents afana ne-ozone, i-hydrogen peroxide, ne-chlorine aphula ukungcola. I-ozone, i-oxidizer enamandla, ingabolisa izinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi emanzini angcolile emithi. Ukusabela kokunciphisa, njengokusebenzisa i-ferrous sulfate ukunciphisa i-chromium ene-hexavalent, nakho kubalulekile.
• Imvula Yamakhemikhali: Ukwengeza ama-precipitants amakhemikhali kwakha inhlanganisela engancibiliki nezinto ezingcolisayo. Emanzini angcolile ane-ion yensimbi esindayo (umthofu, i-cadmium, i-mercury), izinto ezifana ne-sodium sulfide noma i-calcium hydroxide ziyasetshenziswa. I-insoluble metal sulfide noma i-hydroxides ephumayo iyahlukaniswa.

 

 

 

 

Ukwelashwa Kwebhayoloji

• Inqubo ye-Sludge esebenzayo: Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu, ixuba amanzi angcolile nama-microorganisms (udaka olucushiwe) ethangini lokungenisa umoya. Ama-microorganisms aphula ukungcola kwe-organic ngokusebenzisa ukuphefumula kwe-aerobic. Umoya-mpilo uyahlinzekwa, futhi amanzi angcolile ahlanzekile aya ethangini lokuthungatha. Udaka olucushiwe lungagaywa kabusha. Le nqubo isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini zokudla, zendwangu, nezamaphepha.
• Inqubo Yebhayoloji Yengqamuzana: Ama-microorganisms anamathela endaweni eqinile ukuze enze i-biofilm. Njengoba amanzi angcolile egeleza phezu kwawo, i-biofilm ibola ukungcola. Izihlungi ze-Biofilters, zamanzi angcolile aphansi - namandla ahambayo - ama-biofilm ama-bed biofilm reactor, akwazi ukusingatha ukuphakama - amanzi angcolile anamandla, ayizibonelo.

Amathemba Esizayo

Ukuqamba Kwezobuchwepheshe

•  Izinqubo Ezithuthukisiwe Ze-Oxidation (AOPs): Ama-AOP afana ne-photocatalytic oxidation, i-sonochemical oxidation, ne-Fenton - njengezinqubo ezikhiqiza ama-radicals wamahhala asebenzayo ukuze adicilele phansi ukungcola kwemvelo okuqhubekayo. I-Photocatalytic oxidation isebenzisa izinto ze-semiconductor ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-UV ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-hydroxyl radicals, enikeza enye indlela esebenza kahle kakhulu ne-eco-friendly kune-oxidation evamile.
•  I-Nanotechnology - Ukwelashwa okusekelwe: Ama-Nanomaterials, njengama-carbon nanotubes acushiwe nama-zeolite nanocomposites, anezilinganiso eziphakeme zendawo - ukuya - kuvolumu, abonisa amandla ezinto ezingcolisayo ezikhangisayo. Ama-nanoparticles nawo angasebenza njengama-catalysts. Nakuba isesigabeni sokuqala, i-nanotechnology inesithembiso esikhulu sokwelashwa okungcono.

Ukutholwa Kwensiza kanye Nomnotho Oyindilinga

• Ukutholwa Kwezinsimbi Eziyigugu: Amanzi angcolile ezimbonini ngokuvamile aqukethe izinsimbi ezibalulekile. Ubuchwepheshe obusha njengokukhishwa kwe-solvent, i-ion - exchange resins, kanye nokwehlukana okusekelwe kulwelwesi kuyathuthukiswa ukuze kubuyiselwe lezi zinsimbi. Isibonelo, embonini ye-electronics, izinsimbi eziyigugu zingathathwa ngokukhetha emanzini angcolile.
• Ukusetshenziswa Kabusha Kwamanzi Angcolile Asethiwe: Ukusebenzisa kabusha amanzi angcolile acociwe ngezinjongo ezingaphuzwa njengokupholisa ezimbonini nokunisela kubalulekile ekulawuleni amanzi ngendlela eqhubekayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obusezingeni eliphezulu buyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yamanzi ekusetshenzisweni kabusha okuqondile kwezicelo.

Ukukhula okuqhutshwa yiRegulatory and Policy

• Imithethonqubo Eqinile Yezemvelo: Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa imithetho eqinile mayelana nokuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini. Isibonelo, i-European Union's Water Framework Directive ibeka imikhawulo eqinile yokungcolisa, okuphoqa izimboni ukuthi zithuthukise izindawo zokwelashwa.
• Ukukhuthaza Imikhuba Eqhubekayo: Ohulumeni banikeza izikhuthazo ezifana nekhefu lentela kanye noxhaso lokufaka amathuluzi okwelapha athuthukisiwe nokusebenzisa izinsiza - amaphrojekthi okuthola kabusha, okuphromotha izixazululo ezengeziwe ezivumelana nemvelo nezingabizi kakhulu.

Sengiphetha, izindlela zokwelashwa zamanje ziphumelele, kodwa ngokukhula kobunzima bamanzi angcolile kanye nesidingo sokulawulwa kwamanzi okusimeme, ukusungulwa okusha okuqhubekayo kuyadingeka. Ikusasa lokuhlanzwa kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini lilele kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile, ukutholwa kwezinsiza, kanye nokwesekwa kokulawula, okuzosiza ukuvikela imvelo futhi kukhuthaze umnotho oyindilinga.