Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Polyacrylamide ku-Oilfield Industry

I-Polyacrylamide (PAM), i-polymer eguquguqukayo, iqinisekise ngokuqinile ukubaluleka kwayo embonini yendawo kawoyela. Isisindo sayo samangqamuzana aphezulu, sihlanganiswe nekhono lokuvunyelaniswa nezinhlobonhlobo ze-anionic, cationic, kanye ne-non-ionic, siyinikeza izici eziyingqayizivele. Lezi zici zenza i-PAM ibaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke ama-spectrum okusebenza kwendawo kawoyela, okunomthelela omkhulu ekutholeni uwoyela okuthuthukisiwe, ukusebenza kahle koketshezi lokumba, kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi okusebenzayo.

1. Ukutholwa Kawoyela Okuthuthukisiwe (EOR)

1.1 Inqubo Yezikhukhula zePolymer

Emzamweni wokukhulisa ukukhishwa kukawoyela, ukugcwala kwe-polymer nge-polyacrylamide kuvele njengendlela esetshenziswa kabanzi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-PAM kule nqubo ukukhulisa i-viscosity yamanzi ajovwe. Esimeni esijwayelekile sechibi, lapho kujovwa amanzi angenayo i-PAM, i-viscosity yawo ephansi kakhulu ibangela ukuthi igeleze ngokushesha ezindaweni ezikwazi ukungena kalula. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi kufika ku-70% wamanzi ajovwe angase adlule izifunda ezingakwazi ukungena kalula lapho inani elikhulu likawoyela lihlala livaleleke khona. Kodwa-ke, lapho i-PAM yethulwa, yenza isisombululo se-viscous. Ama-molecule e-polymer chain chain ayathandelana, akhulise ukumelana nokugeleza. Lokhu kuphoqa amanzi ajovwe ukuthi aphambukele ezindaweni ezifinyeleleka kancane. Ucwaningo lwaselabhorethri lubonise ukuthi lokhu kuphambukisa kungaholela ekwandeni kokutholwa kukawoyela kuze kufike ku-15 - 20% uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi - izikhukhula ngaphandle kwe-PAM.

[Faka Umfanekiso 1 lapha: Umdwebo wohlelo obonisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ane-PAM nangenayo echibini. Ingxenye engakwesokunxele ikhombisa amanzi ageleza kakhulu eziteshini ezikwazi ukungeneka kakhulu ngaphandle kwe-PAM, futhi ingxenye engakwesokudla ikhombisa ukusatshalaliswa okufana okwengeziwe kwamanzi ane-PAM kuzo zombili izindawo ezikwazi ukungena eziphakeme neziphansi.]​

1.2 Ukulawula Ukuhamba

I-PAM idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukuhamba, okubalulekile ekuthuthweni kukawoyela okuphumelelayo. Isilinganiso sokuhamba (M), esichazwa njengesilinganiso sokuhamba koketshezi olukhishwayo (amanzi ajovwe) ukuya ekuhambeni koketshezi olususiwe (amafutha), luyipharamitha eyinhloko. Izinga eliphakeme lokuhamba livame ukuholela ekubambeni iminwe, lapho amanzi ajovwe enza umunwe - njengamashaneli phakathi kukawoyela, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle kokugudluza. Ngokwandisa i-viscosity yamanzi ajovwe, i-PAM inciphisa ngokuphumelelayo isilinganiso sokuhamba. Isibonelo, uma ukuhamba kukawoyela kungu-μo/ko (lapho u-μo kuwu-viscosity kawoyela futhi i-ko iwukungeneka kuwoyela) futhi ukuhamba kwamanzi ajovwe kungu-μw/kw (lapho u-μw kuwu-viscosity wamanzi kanye ne-kw kuwukungeneka kwamanzi), ukwengeza i-PAM kungandisa u-μw ngokuphindwe kaningana. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zensimu zibonise ukuthi ukwehlisa isilinganiso sokuhamba kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokushanela ngo-25 - 30%, kuqinisekise ukugudluzwa kukawoyela okuzinzile nokusebenza kahle.

1.1 Izikhukhula zePolymer

Izikhukhula ze-polymer ziyindlela ye-EOR eyamukelwa kabanzi, futhi ama-acrylamide polymers asenhliziyweni yale nqubo. Ezikhukhuleni ze-polymer, ama-polymer acrylamide ancibilika emanzini ajovwa endaweni yokugcina uwoyela kanye namanzi. Lawa ma-polymers andisa i-viscosity yamanzi ajovwe, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokushanela. Njengoba amanzi acwebezelayo ekhukhula leli chibi, angasusa kangcono uwoyela ovaleleke ematsheni anezimbotshana. Imvelo yamaketanga amade e-acrylamide polymers iwavumela ukuthi ahlangane nama-molecule wamanzi, athuthukise ikhono lamanzi lokuphusha uwoyela emithonjeni yokukhiqiza. Lokhu kuphumela ekwenyukeni kwamazinga okubuyisela uwoyela, okwenza ama-acrylamide polymers abe yimpahla ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-EOR.

1.2 Ukulawula Ukuhamba

Ama-polymer asuselwa ku-Acrylamide nawo adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukuhamba ngesikhathi se-EOR. Kumachibi ahlukahlukene, kukhona ukuthambekela kokuthi uketshezi olujovwe ludlule ezindaweni ezikwazi ukungena kakhulu, okushiya inani elibalulekile likawoyela ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kancane. Ngokulungisa i-viscosity yoketshezi olujovwe kusetshenziswa ama-acrylamide polymers, isilinganiso sokuhamba phakathi koketshezi olujovwe namafutha singathuthukiswa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo koketshezi olujovwe kulo lonke indawo, okwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokususwa kukawoyela. Isibonelo, ama-polymers e-acrylamide axhumene angaklanywa ukuthi abe nokuziphatha okuthile kwe-rheological, okusiza ekuphambukeni ukugeleza koketshezi olujovwe luye ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kalula zedamu.

2.Drilling Fluid Additive

A

2.1 I-Viscosity kanye ne-Rheology Control

Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokumba, ukugcina i-viscosity efanele kanye ne-rheology yoketshezi lokumba kubaluleke kakhulu. I-Polyacrylamide isebenza njenge-viscosifier ephumelelayo. Ohlelweni loketshezi lokumba, ama-molecule e-PAM asebenzisana nezinhlayiya eziqinile, njengobumba. Isakhiwo sochungechunge olude lwe-PAM sikhangisa ngaphezulu kwezinhlayiya zobumba, zixhuma phakathi kwazo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezinhlayiya ngamaketanga e-PAM kukhulisa kakhulu i-viscosity yoketshezi lokumba. I-viscosity efanele, ngokuvamile ebangeni elingama-30 - 60 centipoise emisebenzini eminingi yokumba, iyadingeka ukuze kuthwale okusikiwe phezulu. Futhi kusiza ukuvimbela ukuwa kwe-wellbore ngokunikeza ingcindezi eyanele ye-hydrostatic futhi ilawule ukulahleka koketshezi

[Faka Umfanekiso 2 lapha: Ukubuka okuncane kwe-PAM kusebenzisana nezinhlayiya zobumba oketshezini lokumba. Amaketango e-PAM aboniswa exhuma izinhlayiya zobumba eziningi, okwandisa ukubukeka koketshezi lonke.]​

2.2 Ukulawula Ukulahleka Koketshezi

Lapho ubhoboza ngokusebenzisa ukwakheka okuvumayo, uketshezi lokumba lungangena ekwakhekeni, okubangele ukuncipha komfutho we-hydrostatic emgodini womthombo kanye nomonakalo ongaba khona wokwakheka. I-PAM yenza ikhekhe lokuhlunga odongeni lomthombo. I-Anionic PAM, ikakhulukazi, isebenzisana nezindawo ezishajwe kahle ekwakhekeni. Leli khekhe lesihlungi lisebenza njengesithiyo, linciphisa ukulahlekelwa uketshezi. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-PAM kungehlisa ukulahlekelwa uketshezi kuze kufike ku-50 - 60%, kuvikele ubuqotho bomthombo kanye nokwakheka.

3.Ukwelashwa Kwamanzi Ezindaweni Zamafutha

A

3.1 Ukugeleza Kwezinsimbi Ezimisiwe

Amanzi akhiqizwe e-Oilfield ngokuvamile aqukethe izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, okuhlanganisa isihlabathi, udaka, namaconsi kawoyela. I-Polyacrylamide isebenza njenge-flocculant. Amaqembu akhokhisiwe kuma-molecule e-PAM asebenzisana nezindleko ezingaphezulu zezinhlayiya ezimisiwe. I-Cationic PAM, isibonelo, iheha okuqinile okumiswe okwesikhashana okukhokhiswa kabi. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3, ibhuloho lamaketanga e-polymer phakathi kwezinhlayiya eziningi, okubangela ukuba zihlangane zibe yiziqephu ezinkulu. Lawa ma-flocs angahlukaniswa kalula namanzi ngokusebenzisa i-sedimentation noma izinqubo zokuhlunga. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-PAM ku-flocculation kungakhuphula ukusebenza kahle kokuhlukaniswa kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe ngo-70 - 80%.

[Faka Umfanekiso 3 lapha: Umdwebo obonisa inqubo ye-flocculation yezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe endaweni yamafutha akhiqizwa amanzi yi-PAM. Izinhlayiya ezincane ezilengisiwe ziboniswa zihlanganiswa zibe ama-flocs amakhulu ngaphansi kwesenzo se-PAM.]​

3.2 Ukuchithwa Kwamafutha - Ama-emulsions Amanzi

Uwoyela - ama-emulsion wamanzi avamile ekusebenzeni kwe-oilfield. I-PAM ingaphula lawa ma-emulsion futhi yenze kube lula ukukhipha amanzi. Ama-polymer adsorbs ku-interface yamafutha - amanzi, aphazamisa ukuzinza kwe-emulsion. Ngokushintsha ukungezwani kobuso nokukhuthaza ukuhlangana kwamaconsi amanzi, i-PAM isiza ekuhlukaniseni isigaba samanzi nesigaba sikawoyela. Lokhu kwehlukana kubalulekile ekwelapheni okufanele nokulahlwa kwamanzi akhiqiziwe kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezakhi zikawoyela ezibalulekile.

Isiphetho

Izicelo ze-Polyacrylamide embonini ye-oilfield zihlukahlukene futhi zifinyelela kude. Kusukela ekuthuthukiseni ukutholakala kukawoyela kuya ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kahle kokumba kanye nokwelashwa kwamanzi okusebenzayo, isiphenduke ikhemikhali ebalulekile. Njengoba imboni kawoyela iqhubeka nokuhlola izindlela zokukhipha ezisebenza kahle nezisimeme, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwenza kahle kwezicelo ze-polyacrylamide ngokungangabazeki kuzohlala kuphambili ocwaningweni nasekusungulweni okusha.